Turkmenistan: Best Things to Do – Top Picks

Did you know that Turkmenistan is home to a fiery crater that has been burning continuously for over 50 years? Known as the “Gates of Hell,” the Darvaza Gas Crater is just one of the many extraordinary attractions in this mysterious Central Asian nation that receives fewer than 10,000 tourists annually. This makes Turkmenistan one of the world’s least-visited countries, offering intrepid travelers a chance to explore untouched landscapes and ancient Silk Road sites without the crowds.

Turkmenistan remains one of Central Asia’s most enigmatic destinations, where ancient history meets eccentric modernity. From the ultramodern marble capital of Ashgabat to the ancient ruins of Merv and the natural wonder of the Darvaza Gas Crater, this country offers experiences that can’t be found anywhere else in the world.

This comprehensive guide covers the best things to do in Turkmenistan, along with essential travel information to help you plan an unforgettable journey through this fascinating country.

Best Time to Visit Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan has an extreme continental climate with very hot summers and cold winters. The best times to visit are during spring (April-May) and autumn (September-October) when temperatures are mild and comfortable for sightseeing.

Top Attractions in Turkmenistan

1. Darvaza Gas Crater (Gates of Hell)

This spectacular natural phenomenon is Turkmenistan’s most famous attraction. In 1971, Soviet geologists accidentally collapsed a natural gas cavern, creating a 70-meter wide crater. To prevent the spread of poisonous gases, they set it on fire, expecting it to burn out within weeks. Over 50 years later, the crater continues to burn, creating an otherworldly spectacle that’s best viewed at night.

2. Ashgabat – The Marble City

Turkmenistan’s capital holds the Guinness World Record for the highest concentration of white marble buildings. This surreal city features grandiose monuments, golden domes, and immaculately clean streets. Key attractions include Independence Square, the Wedding Palace (shaped like a giant wedding cake), and the Arch of Neutrality.

Don’t miss the National Museum of Turkmenistan, which houses an impressive collection of artifacts from the country’s rich history, including items from ancient Merv and other archaeological sites.

3. Ancient Merv

Once one of the world’s largest cities, Merv is a UNESCO World Heritage site that spans 4,000 years of history. This ancient oasis city was an important stop on the Silk Road and a major center of Islamic learning. The site contains multiple walled cities from different eras, including impressive structures like the Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum.

At its peak in the 12th century, Merv had a population of over 500,000 people before being destroyed by the Mongols in 1221. Today, walking through these extensive ruins gives visitors a glimpse into the grandeur of this once-mighty metropolis.

4. Kow Ata Underground Lake

Located about 100km west of Ashgabat, this natural underground thermal lake sits inside a limestone cave. The sulfur-rich water maintains a constant temperature of around 35°C (95°F), making it perfect for swimming year-round. The cave extends for about 230 meters, with the lake itself reaching depths of up to 75 meters.

The mineral-rich waters are believed to have healing properties, and locals often visit for therapeutic swims. The cave’s unique ecosystem also includes a colony of bats that reside in the deeper sections of the cavern.

5. Yangykala Canyon

Often compared to the Grand Canyon but without the crowds, Yangykala Canyon features stunning multicolored rock formations that change hue throughout the day. Located in western Turkmenistan near the Caspian Sea, these dramatic cliffs were once the seabed of an ancient ocean.

The canyon stretches for about 25km, with sheer drops of several hundred meters. Sunset is the most spectacular time to visit when the rocks glow in shades of pink, orange, and red, earning the site its nickname “Fire Fortresses.”

Cultural Experiences in Turkmenistan

Turkmen Carpets

Turkmen carpets are world-renowned for their quality, distinctive patterns, and deep red colors. Each tribe has its own unique “gul” (rose) pattern that identifies the carpet’s origin. Visit the Turkmen Carpet Museum in Ashgabat, which houses the world’s largest handwoven carpet (measuring 301 square meters) and learn about the ancient traditions behind this craft.

You can purchase authentic carpets from state shops, which will provide the necessary export documentation. These beautiful textiles make exceptional souvenirs that represent centuries of Turkmen cultural heritage.

Akhal-Teke Horses

Known as “heavenly horses,” the Akhal-Teke breed is a national symbol of Turkmenistan, even appearing on the country’s coat of arms. These elegant horses are famous for their metallic sheen, endurance, and speed. They’ve been bred in the region for thousands of years and were highly prized along the Silk Road.

Visit the Arkadash Stud Farm near Ashgabat to see these magnificent animals up close. Some tours offer the opportunity to ride these rare horses, which is a truly special experience for equestrian enthusiasts.

Practical Information for Visiting Turkmenistan

Visa Requirements

Most visitors require a visa to enter Turkmenistan, and the process can be complex. There are two main options:

Apply at a Turkmenistan embassy or consulate well in advance of your planned trip. The visa process can take several weeks.

Getting Around

Turkmenistan is a large country with considerable distances between attractions. Here are your main transportation options:

Accommodation

Accommodation options in Turkmenistan are limited outside of Ashgabat. The capital offers several international-standard hotels, while regional cities typically have basic but clean options. In remote areas like Darvaza, camping is often the only choice.

Turkmen Cuisine

Turkmen cuisine reflects the country’s nomadic heritage and agricultural traditions. Meat (particularly lamb and mutton), dairy products, and grains feature prominently in local dishes.

Tea is the national drink, typically served green and unsweetened in small bowls rather than cups. It’s customary to accept at least three bowls of tea when visiting a Turkmen home.

Experience the Untouched Beauty of Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan offers intrepid travelers a rare glimpse into a world few get to experience. From the otherworldly flames of the Darvaza Gas Crater to the ancient Silk Road ruins of Merv, this country presents a fascinating blend of natural wonders, ancient history, and unique cultural traditions.

While travel logistics can be challenging, the reward is access to uncrowded sites of extraordinary beauty and historical significance. For those seeking adventures off the beaten path, Turkmenistan delivers experiences that can’t be found anywhere else on earth.