Did you know Mongolia has 13 times more horses than people? With just 3.3 million residents spread across a territory larger than Alaska, this vast country offers one of the world’s last true wilderness experiences. From galloping across endless steppes to sleeping in traditional ger tents under star-filled skies, Mongolia delivers adventures that seem plucked from another era.
This land of Genghis Khan, nomadic herders, and pristine landscapes remains one of Asia’s most rewarding yet underexplored destinations. Whether you’re drawn to the golden sands of the Gobi Desert, the crystal-clear waters of Lake Khövsgöl, or the chance to experience authentic nomadic culture, our comprehensive guide will help you discover the very best things to do in Mongolia.
Getting to Mongolia
Mongolia may seem remote, but reaching this landlocked nation is easier than you might think. Most international visitors arrive via Chinggis Khaan International Airport in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city.
Ulaanbaatar serves as the gateway to Mongolia’s adventures
The main airlines flying to Mongolia include Turkish Airlines (via Istanbul), Korean Air (via Seoul), and Air China (via Beijing). Flights typically require at least one connection, with total journey times from the US averaging 24+ hours.
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Visa Requirements
Many Western countries, including the United States, Canada, and most European nations, can visit Mongolia visa-free for up to 30 days. Always check the latest requirements with the Mongolian embassy or consulate in your country before traveling, as regulations can change.
When to Visit Mongolia
Mongolia experiences extreme seasonal variations, so timing your visit is crucial for the best experience.
Summer brings lush green landscapes to Mongolia’s steppes
Summer (June-August)
The peak tourist season offers pleasant temperatures (60-80°F/15-27°C), lush green landscapes, and the famous Naadam Festival in July. This is the ideal time for most activities, though popular sites can be busier.
Spring & Fall (May & September-October)
These shoulder seasons offer fewer tourists and moderate temperatures. Spring brings newborn animals to the steppes, while fall paints the landscapes in golden hues. Nights can be quite cold, so pack accordingly.
Winter (November-April)
For the adventurous, winter in Mongolia is a unique experience with temperatures plummeting to -40°F/-40°C. The Gobi Desert covered in snow and frozen Lake Khövsgöl offer spectacular sights, though many tourist facilities close during this time.
Pro Tip: Time your visit for the Naadam Festival (July 11-13) to witness Mongolia’s “Three Manly Games” – wrestling, horse racing, and archery – along with colorful cultural celebrations.
Top Attractions in Mongolia
Mongolia’s vast territory holds diverse landscapes and cultural experiences. Here are the must-visit destinations that should be on every traveler’s list:
1. Gobi Desert
The magnificent Khongoryn Els sand dunes in the Gobi Desert
The Gobi isn’t just sand dunes—it’s a diverse landscape of rocky outcrops, ice canyons, and fossil sites. Don’t miss:
- Khongoryn Els (Singing Sands) – Climb these massive dunes for sunset
- Flaming Cliffs (Bayanzag) – Where dinosaur fossils were first discovered
- Yolyn Am (Eagle Valley) – A dramatic ice canyon in the desert
- Tsagaan Suvarga (White Stupa) – Colorful cliff formations resembling a ruined city
Explore the Gobi Desert
Book guided tours and activities to experience the best of Mongolia’s legendary desert.
2. Terelj National Park
The unique rock formations of Terelj National Park
Just a 1.5-hour drive from Ulaanbaatar, Terelj offers accessible natural beauty with distinctive rock formations, hiking trails, and traditional ger camps. Visit the famous Turtle Rock and take a horseback ride through the verdant valleys.
3. Lake Khövsgöl
The “Blue Pearl” of Mongolia – Lake Khövsgöl
Often called the “Blue Pearl,” this pristine alpine lake contains 1% of the world’s freshwater. Surrounded by mountains and forests, it’s perfect for hiking, kayaking, and experiencing the culture of the Tsaatan reindeer herders who live nearby.
4. Orkhon Valley
The historic Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape
This UNESCO World Heritage site encompasses the ancient capital of Karakorum (Kharkhorin) and Erdene Zuu Monastery, Mongolia’s oldest Buddhist monastery. The valley represents the cradle of Mongolian civilization and nomadic culture.
Unique Mongolian Experiences
Beyond sightseeing, Mongolia offers immersive cultural experiences that connect you with its nomadic heritage:
Stay in a Traditional Ger
Experience the cozy interior of a traditional Mongolian ger
These round felt tents have been home to Mongolian nomads for centuries. Many tourist camps offer ger accommodations, but for an authentic experience, arrange a homestay with a nomadic family through a local tour operator.
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From traditional ger camps to modern hotels in Ulaanbaatar, find accommodations that match your adventure style.
Attend the Naadam Festival
Traditional wrestling competition at the Naadam Festival
This annual celebration showcases Mongolia’s “Three Manly Games” – wrestling, horse racing, and archery. The main festival occurs in Ulaanbaatar (July 11-13), but smaller local Naadam celebrations happen throughout summer in rural areas.
Ride Horses Across the Steppe
Experience the freedom of horseback riding across Mongolia’s endless steppes
Mongolians have been called “born in the saddle,” and horseback riding is the most authentic way to experience the country. Multi-day horse treks can be arranged through tour operators, with options for all skill levels.
Meet Eagle Hunters
A Kazakh eagle hunter with his golden eagle in Western Mongolia
In Mongolia’s western Altai region, ethnic Kazakhs maintain the ancient tradition of hunting with golden eagles. Visit during the Eagle Festival (October) or arrange a private visit to an eagle hunter family.
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Getting Around Mongolia
Mongolia’s vast size and limited infrastructure make transportation planning essential. Here are your options:
Domestic Flights
Domestic flights connect major destinations across Mongolia
MIAT Mongolian Airlines and Aero Mongolia operate flights connecting Ulaanbaatar with provincial centers like Dalanzadgad (Gobi), Murun (for Lake Khövsgöl), and Ulgii (Western Mongolia). These save significant time but can be expensive and subject to weather delays.
Guided Tours
Most visitors opt for guided tours with experienced drivers navigating the largely unmarked dirt tracks. Tours range from budget group trips in Russian vans to private luxury expeditions in modern 4x4s.
Self-Drive
Self-driving in Mongolia requires preparation and a sense of adventure
For the adventurous, renting a 4×4 vehicle is possible but challenging. Mongolia has few paved roads outside cities, GPS coverage is limited, and breakdowns in remote areas can be serious. Only attempt this with significant off-road experience.
Explore Mongolia Your Way
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Public Transportation
Budget travelers can use local minibuses between major towns, but schedules are unpredictable, comfort is minimal, and reaching tourist sites often requires additional transportation arrangements.
Where to Stay in Mongolia
Mongolia offers diverse accommodation options to suit different travel styles:
Ger Camps
Tourist ger camps offer comfortable access to Mongolia’s wilderness
The most popular accommodation outside cities, tourist ger camps range from basic to luxury. Typically, they include comfortable beds, traditional decor, and a central dining facility. Most operate from May to September.
Hotels in Ulaanbaatar
The capital offers everything from international luxury chains (Shangri-La, Best Western) to mid-range business hotels and budget hostels. Book in advance during summer and the Naadam Festival.
Homestays
Homestays with nomadic families offer the most authentic experience
For an authentic experience, arrange a stay with nomadic families through tour operators. Accommodations are basic, but the cultural exchange is unparalleled.
Find Your Perfect Mongolia Accommodation
From luxury hotels in Ulaanbaatar to authentic ger camps in the wilderness, book your ideal stay.
Mongolian Food and Drink
Mongolian cuisine reflects the country’s nomadic lifestyle, with a focus on meat and dairy products:
Buuz, traditional Mongolian steamed dumplings
Must-Try Dishes
- Buuz – Steamed dumplings filled with mutton and onions
- Khuushuur – Fried meat pancakes, perfect for travel
- Tsuivan – Stir-fried noodles with meat and vegetables
- Khorkhog – Mongolian barbecue made with hot stones
- Aaruul – Dried curds, a popular snack
Beverages
Traditional drinks include suutei tsai (milk tea with salt), airag (fermented mare’s milk), and arkhi (milk vodka). For the less adventurous, bottled water and beer are widely available.
Vegetarian Tip: Traditional Mongolian cuisine is heavily meat-based, but restaurants in Ulaanbaatar increasingly offer vegetarian options. In rural areas, communicate your dietary needs clearly when booking tours.
Practical Tips for Mongolia Travel
Proper preparation is essential for a successful Mongolia trip
What to Pack
- Layers for extreme temperature changes (even in summer)
- Sturdy hiking boots and comfortable walking shoes
- Sun protection (hat, sunglasses, high-SPF sunscreen)
- Personal medications and a basic first-aid kit
- Portable water purifier or purification tablets
- Headlamp or flashlight (electricity can be inconsistent)
- Power bank for charging devices
Money Matters
The Mongolian currency is the tugrik (MNT). ATMs are available in Ulaanbaatar and provincial centers, but carry cash for rural areas. Credit cards are accepted at upscale establishments in the capital but rarely elsewhere.
Connectivity
Purchase a local SIM card in Ulaanbaatar for data access. Coverage is surprisingly good along main routes, but expect dead zones in remote areas. Download offline maps before venturing into the countryside.
Health and Safety
Mongolia is generally safe, with low crime rates outside the capital. The biggest risks are related to the harsh environment and remote locations. Comprehensive travel insurance with evacuation coverage is essential.
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Cultural Etiquette in Mongolia
Understanding local customs enhances your Mongolia experience
Ger Etiquette
- Enter a ger with your right foot first
- Move clockwise around the interior
- Don’t step on the threshold
- Accept food and drink offerings with your right hand
- Never refuse hospitality (at least taste what’s offered)
General Customs
Mongolians are generally relaxed, but showing respect for local traditions is appreciated. Remove hats when entering homes, avoid pointing with your finger, and ask permission before photographing people.
Gift Giving: When visiting nomadic families, small gifts are appreciated. Consider practical items like tea, candies, or school supplies for children.
Sample Mongolia Itineraries
Here are some suggested routes based on different timeframes:
1-Week Classic Mongolia
A one-week itinerary covers Mongolia’s highlights
- Days 1-2: Ulaanbaatar and Terelj National Park
- Days 3-4: Khustai National Park (wild horses) and Karakorum
- Days 5-7: Southern Gobi highlights (Flaming Cliffs, Khongoryn Els)
2-Week Comprehensive Mongolia
- Days 1-3: Ulaanbaatar, Terelj National Park, and Khustai
- Days 4-6: Central Mongolia (Karakorum, Orkhon Valley)
- Days 7-10: Southern Gobi Desert exploration
- Days 11-14: Lake Khövsgöl and northern landscapes
3-Week Mongolia Adventure
With three weeks, add Western Mongolia to experience the eagle hunters of the Altai Mountains and the diverse cultures of this remote region.
Create Your Perfect Mongolia Itinerary
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Conclusion
Mongolia’s untamed beauty leaves a lasting impression
Mongolia offers a rare glimpse into a world where nomadic traditions still thrive amidst some of Earth’s most spectacular landscapes. From the rolling steppes to the towering dunes of the Gobi, from ancient monasteries to the warm hospitality of nomadic families, this country delivers experiences that will stay with you long after you’ve returned home.
As one of Asia’s last great wilderness destinations, Mongolia rewards those willing to step outside their comfort zones with authentic adventures and genuine connections. Whether you’re galloping across the steppe on horseback, watching eagle hunters practice their ancient art, or simply gazing at the star-filled sky from your ger, Mongolia promises memories that will last a lifetime. The land of the eternal blue sky awaits your discovery.
