Did you know that Axum is home to what many Ethiopian Orthodox Christians believe is the original Ark of the Covenant? This ancient city in northern Ethiopia once served as the capital of the powerful Aksumite Empire, which dominated trade between Africa and Asia for nearly a millennium. With towering stone obelisks that have stood for over 1,700 years and underground royal tombs waiting to be explored, Axum offers a journey through time unlike anywhere else in Africa.

Whether you’re fascinated by ancient history, drawn to religious pilgrimages, or simply seeking an off-the-beaten-path adventure, Axum delivers an unforgettable experience. Let’s explore this remarkable UNESCO World Heritage site and discover the top things to do in one of Ethiopia’s most historically significant destinations.

Getting There & Planning Your Journey

Reaching Axum requires some planning, but the journey is well worth the effort. The most convenient way to get there is by flying into Axum Airport (AXU), which has regular connections from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital. Ethiopian Airlines operates daily flights, with the journey taking approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes.

If you’re coming from outside Ethiopia, you’ll first need to fly into Addis Ababa Bole International Airport (ADD), which has connections to major cities worldwide. From there, you can catch a domestic flight to Axum.

For the more adventurous traveler, you can also reach Axum by bus from Addis Ababa. The journey takes about 24 hours and offers a chance to see the Ethiopian countryside, though it can be challenging due to road conditions. Selam Bus and Sky Bus are reliable companies that operate on this route.

Before traveling to Ethiopia, most visitors need to obtain a visa. As of 2024, you can apply for an e-visa through the official Ethiopian e-visa portal or get a visa on arrival at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.

Best Time to Visit & Weather Tips

Recommended Months to Visit

The best time to visit Axum is during the dry season, from October to March. During these months, you’ll enjoy clear skies and comfortable temperatures, making it ideal for exploring outdoor historical sites. The weather is particularly pleasant from November to February, with daytime temperatures averaging 25°C (77°F) and cooler evenings around 11°C (52°F).

January is an especially good time to visit if you’re interested in cultural experiences, as the Ethiopian Orthodox celebration of Timkat (Epiphany) takes place on January 7th (or January 8th during leap years). This colorful festival features processions, rituals, and joyous celebrations throughout Axum.

Months to Avoid

The rainy season runs from June to September, with July and August seeing the heaviest rainfall. During this period, some sites may be difficult to access, and the unpaved roads in the region can become muddy and challenging to navigate. If you do visit during these months, bring waterproof clothing and be prepared for potential travel delays.

April and May represent a transitional period with occasional showers, but they can still be good months to visit with fewer tourists and lush green landscapes.

Getting Around Locally

Axum is a relatively compact city, making it easy to explore many of the main attractions on foot. The Northern Stelae Park, Church of St. Mary of Zion, and the city center are all within walking distance of each other.

For sites that are further away, such as the Tombs of Kings Kaleb and Gebre Meskel or the Queen of Sheba’s Palace, you have several transportation options:

• Bajajs (three-wheeled motorized vehicles similar to tuk-tuks) are abundant in Axum and offer an affordable way to get around. A ride within the city typically costs between 30-50 ETB ($0.29-$0.48 USD).
• Minibuses operate on set routes and are the cheapest option for getting around, though they can be crowded. A trip to the edge of town shouldn’t cost more than 10 ETB ($0.10 USD) per person.
• Taxis are available for longer trips or day tours to multiple sites. Expect to pay around 500-800 ETB ($4.75-$7.60 USD) for a half-day tour of the main attractions.

Hiring a local guide is highly recommended, not only for transportation but also for their valuable insights into Axum’s rich history. Guides can be arranged through your hotel or at the tourist information office near the Northern Stelae Park.

Where to Stay

Axum offers a range of accommodation options to suit different budgets and preferences. While it doesn’t have luxury international chain hotels, you’ll find comfortable places to stay with authentic Ethiopian hospitality.

Mid-Range Hotels

For a comfortable stay with good amenities, consider these mid-range options:

Budget Options

Travelers on a tighter budget have several good choices:

Most hotels in Axum offer Wi-Fi, though the connection can be slow. It’s advisable to book in advance, especially if you’re visiting during peak season or during local festivals like Timkat.

Dining & Local Cuisine

Exploring Axum’s culinary scene is an essential part of experiencing the local culture. Ethiopian cuisine is unique and flavorful, with dishes that have been perfected over centuries.

Must-Try Traditional Dishes

• Injera with Tsebhi – The staple of Ethiopian cuisine, injera is a sourdough flatbread made from teff flour. It’s served with tsebhi, a spicy stew that can be made with chicken, beef, or vegetables.
• Tsebhi Derho – A spicy chicken stew cooked with berbere (a spice mix made from chili peppers, garlic, and other spices). It’s a favorite among locals and visitors alike.
• Shiro – A vegetarian dish made from ground chickpeas or beans mixed with berbere and other spices. It’s perfect for those who don’t eat meat.
• Tej – A sweet honey wine with 7-11% alcohol content, served in a special round-bottomed glass bottle called a berele.

Recommended Restaurants

Coffee Ceremonies

Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee, and participating in a traditional coffee ceremony is a must-do cultural experience in Axum. The ceremony typically lasts about an hour and involves roasting, grinding, and brewing the coffee right in front of you.

Many restaurants in Axum offer this experience, but Lucy Restaurant is particularly known for its authentic coffee ceremonies. Remember, it’s polite to accept at least three cups of coffee during the ceremony, as each cup is believed to bestow a different blessing!

Attractions, Sightseeing & Activities

Axum is a treasure trove of historical and cultural attractions. Here are the must-see sites that should be on every visitor’s itinerary:

Northern Stelae Park

The Northern Stelae Park is home to Axum’s most iconic attractions – the towering stone obelisks. These massive structures, some standing over 23 meters (75 feet) tall, were carved from single pieces of granite over 1,700 years ago. The largest obelisk, known as the Great Stele, lies fallen and broken on the ground and is estimated to weigh a staggering 520 tons.

The park is open daily from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM. As of 2024, the entrance fee is 300 ETB ($2.85 USD) for foreign visitors, which is part of a combo ticket that covers several Axum attractions.

Church of St. Mary of Zion

Just a short walk from the Stelae Park, you’ll find the Church of St. Mary of Zion complex. This site is incredibly important in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and consists of three main buildings:

• The old St. Mary of Zion Church (built in the 17th century)
• The new St. Mary of Zion Church (built in the 1960s)
• The Chapel of the Tablet, which is said to house the Ark of the Covenant

While visitors cannot see the Ark itself, which is guarded by a single monk who never leaves the chapel, the site holds immense religious significance. There’s a small museum on the grounds that displays religious artifacts, including ancient manuscripts and royal crowns.

Queen of Sheba’s Palace

About 1 km west of the main stelae field, you’ll find the ruins of what locals call the Queen of Sheba’s Palace (also known as Dungur Palace). While there’s no definitive evidence that the legendary Queen of Sheba actually lived here, the site is fascinating nonetheless. Dating back to the 6th century AD, it’s one of the largest Aksumite structures ever excavated.

The palace covers an area of about 3,000 square meters and features intricate drainage systems and a large throne room. It’s included in the combo ticket for Axum’s attractions.

Tombs of Kings Kaleb and Gebre Meskel

These underground tombs date back to the 6th century and offer a fascinating glimpse into Aksumite burial practices. The tombs feature impressive stonework and are accessible via staircases. They’re located a short distance from the city center and are also included in the combo ticket.

Ezana Stone

The Ezana Stone is a 4th-century stone inscription written in three languages: Ge’ez (ancient Ethiopic), Sabaean (South Arabian), and Greek. It documents King Ezana’s conversion to Christianity, marking a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history. You can find the stone near the entrance of the Church of St. Mary of Zion.

Museums, Cultural Spots & Festivals

Axum Archaeological Museum

Located near the Northern Stelae Park, the Axum Archaeological Museum houses an impressive collection of artifacts from the Aksumite period, including coins, inscriptions, pottery, and other historical items. The museum provides valuable context for understanding Axum’s rich past and is a must-visit for history enthusiasts.

The museum is open daily from 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM, and entrance is included in the combo ticket for Axum’s attractions.

Arabtu Ensessa Church

Also known as the Four Beasts Church, this site features stunning murals that cover nearly every inch of its interior. The church was reconstructed in the 1950s but contains both modern and ancient murals depicting saints, angels, and biblical scenes. It’s a fascinating place to learn about Ethiopian Orthodox religious art.

Major Festivals

If you can time your visit to coincide with one of Axum’s major festivals, you’ll be rewarded with an unforgettable cultural experience:

• Timkat (January 7th or 8th) – The Ethiopian Orthodox celebration of Epiphany features colorful processions, rituals, and joyous celebrations throughout Axum.
• Meskel (September 27th) – This festival commemorates the finding of the True Cross and is marked by bonfires and traditional dances.
• Axum Tsion (November 30th) – The Feast of St. Mary of Zion is a major religious pilgrimage that draws thousands of worshippers to Axum.

During these festivals, accommodation prices may increase, and availability can be limited, so it’s advisable to book well in advance if you plan to visit during these times.

Sports, Nature & Outdoor Experiences

While Axum is primarily known for its historical and cultural attractions, the surrounding area offers some interesting outdoor experiences for those looking to connect with nature or get some exercise.

Hiking to Abba Pentalewon Monastery

Perched high above Axum, the Abba Pentalewon monastery sits atop a tall peak and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape. The hike to reach it is moderately challenging but rewarding. According to tradition, the monastery was built by Abba Pentalewon, one of the Nine Saints who is said to have prayed continuously for 40 years.

The trail is about 4 km from the city center, and the hike takes approximately 1-2 hours each way, depending on your pace. It’s best to start early in the morning to avoid the midday heat.

Exploring the Countryside

The rural areas around Axum offer a glimpse into traditional Ethiopian farming life. You can arrange a day trip to visit nearby villages and experience the daily routines of local farmers. These excursions often include opportunities to participate in coffee ceremonies and share meals with local families.

Birdwatching

The varied habitats around Axum attract a diverse range of bird species. Birdwatchers might spot endemic species like the White-billed Starling, Black-winged Lovebird, and Abyssinian Woodpecker. The best time for birdwatching is early morning or late afternoon.

Local guides can help identify the best spots for birdwatching and provide information about the species you’re likely to encounter.

Safety, Etiquette & Local Customs

Safety Tips

Axum is generally a safe destination for tourists, but it’s always wise to take standard precautions:

• Keep valuables secure and be aware of your surroundings, especially in crowded areas.
• Avoid walking alone at night in unfamiliar areas.
• Use reputable transportation options and agree on prices before starting your journey.
• Stay hydrated and protect yourself from the sun, as Axum’s high altitude (2,130 meters or 7,000 feet above sea level) can make the sun’s effects more intense.
• Purchase travel insurance that covers medical emergencies and evacuation if needed.

Health Precautions

Before traveling to Ethiopia, make sure your routine vaccinations are up to date, and consider vaccinations for Hepatitis A and Typhoid. Some travelers may need to show proof of Yellow Fever vaccination, depending on their country of origin.

Drink only bottled water and be cautious with street food, especially if you have a sensitive stomach. It’s advisable to carry basic medications for common travel ailments like diarrhea, headaches, and motion sickness.

Cultural Etiquette

Respecting local customs will enhance your experience in Axum:

• Dress Code: When visiting churches and religious sites, dress modestly. Both men and women should cover their shoulders and knees. Women may be asked to cover their heads in some churches, so carrying a scarf is recommended.
• Photography: Always ask permission before taking photos of people, especially in rural areas. Some religious sites prohibit photography or charge a fee for it. The Chapel of the Tablet, which is said to house the Ark of the Covenant, is completely off-limits for photos.
• Greetings: Ethiopians value proper greetings. A handshake is common, though it may last longer than you’re used to. Learning a few basic phrases in Amharic or Tigrinya, such as “Selam” (hello) and “Ameseginalehu” (thank you), will be appreciated.
• Eating: Ethiopian cuisine is traditionally eaten with the right hand, as the left hand is considered unclean. If you’re invited to share a meal, it’s polite to wait for your host to begin eating.

Religious Respect

Axum is a deeply religious city, and showing respect for local beliefs is essential. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church plays a central role in daily life, and many sites in Axum have religious significance. Some churches may be closed to non-Orthodox visitors or have separate entrances for men and women.

During religious festivals, be mindful of ceremonies and processions, and follow the guidance of locals regarding appropriate behavior and access to certain areas.

Visitor Comments About Axum

Practical Travel Tips

Currency and Money

Ethiopia uses the Birr (ETB) as its currency. As of 2024, 1 USD is approximately 105 ETB. Here’s what you need to know about handling money in Axum:

• ATMs are available in Axum, but they can be unreliable with foreign cards. The most dependable ones are at the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia branches.
• It’s advisable to bring cash (USD or EUR) to exchange at official forex bureaus or banks.
• Most places in Axum don’t accept credit cards, so make sure you have enough cash for your stay.
• Try to get smaller denominations (10, 20, 50 ETB) for taxis and small purchases, as breaking larger bills can be challenging.

Internet and Communication

Internet connectivity in Axum is improving but can still be inconsistent:

• Most hotels offer Wi-Fi, though the connection may be slow.
• For more reliable internet, consider purchasing a local SIM card from Ethio Telecom. You’ll need your passport to register.
• Coverage in Axum town is generally good, with 4G available in most areas.
• Be aware that social media apps are sometimes blocked during periods of political tension, so having a VPN installed before your trip can be helpful.

Language

The primary languages spoken in Axum are:

• Tigrinya – The main local language
• Amharic – Ethiopia’s official language
• English – Spoken by many in the tourism industry, though proficiency varies

Learning a few basic phrases in Tigrinya or Amharic can enhance your experience and show respect for the local culture.

Electricity

Ethiopia uses Type C and Type F electrical outlets with a standard voltage of 220-240V. If you’re coming from a country with different standards, bring an appropriate adapter and converter if necessary.

Packing Essentials

• Modest clothing that covers shoulders and knees for visiting religious sites
• Comfortable walking shoes for exploring archaeological sites
• Sun protection (hat, sunglasses, sunscreen)
• Light jacket or sweater for cool evenings
• Basic first aid kit and personal medications
• Hand sanitizer and wet wipes
• Flashlight (power outages can occur)
• Power bank for charging devices

Embrace the Ancient Wonders of Axum

Axum stands as a testament to human ingenuity and the rich tapestry of Ethiopian history. From towering obelisks that have defied time to the spiritual significance of the Church of St. Mary of Zion, this ancient city offers a journey through centuries of fascinating history and living traditions.

As you walk in the footsteps of kings and queens who ruled this once-mighty empire, you’ll gain a deeper appreciation for Ethiopia’s remarkable heritage and the enduring spirit of its people. Whether you’re marveling at archaeological wonders, participating in a traditional coffee ceremony, or hiking to panoramic viewpoints, Axum rewards curious travelers with authentic experiences and unforgettable memories.

The journey to Axum may require some effort, but those who make the trip discover a destination that transcends ordinary travel – a place where history comes alive and ancient mysteries still captivate the imagination. Pack your sense of wonder and prepare for an adventure through time in one of Africa’s most historically significant destinations.