Kolkata, West Bengal: Best Things to Do – Top Picks

Did you know that Kolkata houses the world’s largest second-hand book market? With over 1.5 million books spread across a mile-long stretch on College Street, this literary paradise is just one of the many wonders awaiting you in India’s cultural capital. From magnificent colonial architecture to vibrant cultural festivals, Kolkata offers a unique blend of history, art, and culinary delights that captivate every visitor.

Once the capital of British India, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) has transformed into a bustling metropolis while preserving its rich heritage. The city’s soul lies in its artistic spirit, intellectual legacy, and the warmth of its people. Whether you’re drawn to historical landmarks like Victoria Memorial, the spiritual ambiance of Dakshineswar Kali Temple, or the chaotic charm of its markets, Kolkata promises an unforgettable journey through time.

This comprehensive guide will walk you through the best experiences Kolkata has to offer, practical travel tips, and insider recommendations to make your visit truly memorable. Get ready to explore the “City of Joy” and discover why it continues to enchant travelers from around the world.

Getting to Kolkata

Kolkata is well-connected to major cities in India and international destinations, making it easily accessible for travelers. Here are the best ways to reach the cultural capital of India:

By Air

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (CCU) serves Kolkata and is located about 17 km from the city center. The airport handles numerous domestic and international flights daily, connecting Kolkata to major cities worldwide. From the airport, you can take a pre-paid taxi, app-based cab service, or the air-conditioned Volvo bus service to reach your destination in the city.

By Train

Kolkata is a major railway hub with two primary stations – Howrah Junction and Sealdah Station. These stations connect the city to all major destinations across India through regular train services. Howrah Junction, one of the busiest railway stations in India, is linked to the city by the iconic Howrah Bridge. From either station, you can take a taxi, app-based cab, or local bus to reach your destination.

By Road

Several national highways connect Kolkata to other major cities in eastern India. Regular bus services operated by West Bengal State Transport Corporation and private operators connect Kolkata to nearby states and cities. The city also has good road connectivity to destinations like Digha, Shantiniketan, and Sundarbans for day trips.

Best Time to Visit Kolkata

Timing your visit to Kolkata is crucial for a comfortable and enjoyable experience. The city experiences distinct seasons, each offering a different perspective on its culture and attractions.

October to March: The Ideal Season

The winter months from October to March offer the most pleasant weather for exploring Kolkata. Temperatures range from 15°C to 29°C (59°F to 84°F), providing comfortable conditions for sightseeing and outdoor activities. This period also coincides with some of the city’s most vibrant festivals, making it the perfect time to experience Kolkata’s cultural richness.

Durga Puja: Kolkata’s Grandest Festival

If you can plan your visit during Durga Puja (usually in September or October), you’ll witness Kolkata at its festive best. The city transforms into an open-air art gallery with elaborate pandals (temporary structures) housing beautiful idols of Goddess Durga. Streets come alive with lights, music, and celebrations as locals dress in their finest attire and hop from one pandal to another. This five-day celebration showcases the artistic prowess and cultural spirit of Bengal like nothing else.

April to June: Summer Heat

Summers in Kolkata (April to June) can be extremely hot and humid, with temperatures often exceeding 40°C (104°F). This season is best avoided unless you’re comfortable with high temperatures. If you do visit during summer, plan indoor activities during the day and venture out in the early mornings or evenings.

July to September: Monsoon Season

The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall to Kolkata, sometimes causing waterlogging in parts of the city. While the rain provides relief from the summer heat and adds a certain charm to the city’s landscapes, it can disrupt travel plans and outdoor activities. However, the lush greenery and relatively fewer tourists during this period can be appealing to some travelers.

Getting Around Kolkata

Navigating Kolkata is an adventure in itself, with various transportation options that showcase the city’s unique character. From the historic tram network to modern metro lines, here’s how to get around the City of Joy efficiently.

Kolkata Metro

The Kolkata Metro, India’s first underground railway system, is one of the most convenient ways to travel across the city. It’s clean, air-conditioned, and helps you avoid the traffic congestion above ground. The North-South line connects Dakshineswar to New Garia, passing through key areas like Esplanade, Park Street, and Kalighat. Tokens and smart cards are available at all stations, with fares based on distance traveled.

Iconic Yellow Taxis

Kolkata’s vintage yellow Ambassador taxis are iconic symbols of the city. These classic cars can be hailed on the street or found at designated taxi stands. Always ensure the driver uses the meter or negotiate the fare before starting your journey. For a more modern alternative, app-based cab services like Uber and Ola are widely available throughout the city.

Historic Tram Network

Experience a piece of living history by riding Kolkata’s tram network, the oldest operating tram system in Asia. While the network has reduced in size over the years, it still offers a charming and nostalgic way to explore certain parts of the city. The trams move slowly, allowing you to absorb the sights and sounds of Kolkata at a leisurely pace.

Auto-Rickshaws

Auto-rickshaws in Kolkata typically operate on fixed routes and are shared by multiple passengers. They’re an economical option for short to medium distances, though they may not be the most comfortable choice during peak summer or monsoon seasons. In North Kolkata, you might also encounter cycle rickshaws for short-distance travel.

Buses

The city has an extensive bus network operated by both government and private companies. While buses are economical, they can be crowded during peak hours. Air-conditioned Volvo buses offer a more comfortable alternative on major routes. Look for the route number and destination displayed on the front of the bus.

Ferries on the Hooghly River

For a unique perspective of Kolkata, take a ferry across the Hooghly River. These boats connect various ghats (riverside steps) on both sides of the river and offer spectacular views of landmarks like the Howrah Bridge. Ferry services are frequent, affordable, and provide a refreshing break from the city’s traffic.

Where to Stay in Kolkata

Choosing the right neighborhood for your stay in Kolkata can significantly enhance your experience of the city. Each area offers a different flavor of the City of Joy, from colonial charm to modern convenience.

Park Street and Esplanade

The heart of central Kolkata, Park Street (officially Mother Teresa Sarani) and the surrounding Esplanade area offer an ideal base for first-time visitors. This vibrant district is home to some of the city’s best restaurants, cafes, and nightlife options. You’ll be within walking distance of attractions like the Indian Museum and Victoria Memorial, with excellent transport connections to other parts of the city. Accommodation options range from luxury hotels like The Oberoi Grand to mid-range and budget properties.

Sudder Street

Budget travelers and backpackers often gravitate toward Sudder Street, Kolkata’s backpacker district. Located near New Market, this area offers numerous affordable guesthouses, hostels, and budget hotels. The neighborhood has a bohemian vibe with plenty of inexpensive eateries, travel agencies, and shops catering to travelers. While accommodations are basic, the central location and budget-friendly prices make it a popular choice.

Salt Lake City (Sector 5)

For business travelers or those preferring modern amenities, Salt Lake City (particularly Sector 5) offers contemporary hotels and serviced apartments. This planned satellite town houses Kolkata’s IT hub and provides a more organized environment compared to the historic center. While it’s farther from the main tourist attractions, good metro connections make sightseeing convenient.

Ballygunge and Alipore

These upscale residential neighborhoods in South Kolkata offer a quieter, more refined atmosphere. Here you’ll find boutique hotels, luxury guesthouses, and upmarket accommodations. The tree-lined streets, upscale restaurants, and designer boutiques create a sophisticated environment. These areas provide easy access to attractions like Kalighat Temple and the Rabindra Sarobar Lake.

Top Attractions in Kolkata, West Bengal

Kolkata’s rich tapestry of history, culture, and spirituality is reflected in its diverse attractions. From colonial-era monuments to vibrant markets and sacred temples, here are the must-visit places that showcase the essence of the City of Joy.

Victoria Memorial

This magnificent white marble edifice stands as a testament to British architectural influence in India. Built between 1906 and 1921 in memory of Queen Victoria, this stunning building houses a museum with a collection of colonial-era artifacts, paintings, and manuscripts. The sprawling gardens surrounding the memorial are perfect for a leisurely stroll, especially during sunrise or sunset when the monument is bathed in golden light. Don’t miss the Sound and Light show in the evenings that narrates the history of Kolkata.

Howrah Bridge

An iconic symbol of Kolkata, the Howrah Bridge (officially named Rabindra Setu) is one of the busiest cantilever bridges in the world. Connecting the cities of Howrah and Kolkata across the Hooghly River, this engineering marvel was built without a single nut or bolt. For the best views, take a ferry ride on the Hooghly River at sunset or visit the Mullick Ghat Flower Market located near its base. The bridge is particularly spectacular when illuminated at night.

Dakshineswar Kali Temple

Located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, this famous Hindu temple is dedicated to Goddess Kali. Built in 1855 by Rani Rashmoni, the temple complex features a large courtyard surrounded by 12 smaller Shiva temples. The main temple, with its distinctive Bengali architecture featuring nine spires, attracts devotees and tourists alike. Visit early in the morning to avoid crowds and experience the serene spiritual atmosphere. The nearby Belur Math, headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission, is also worth a visit.

College Street Book Market

Bibliophiles will find paradise in College Street, home to the world’s largest second-hand book market. Stretching for more than a mile, this street is lined with hundreds of bookstalls and small bookshops selling everything from rare first editions to academic textbooks at bargain prices. The area is also home to prestigious institutions like Presidency College and Calcutta University. Take a break from book hunting at the historic Indian Coffee House, a favorite haunt of intellectuals and artists since the colonial era.

Mullick Ghat Flower Market

Experience a riot of colors and fragrances at Mullick Ghat Flower Market, one of Asia’s largest flower markets. Located near the Howrah Bridge, this bustling market comes alive at dawn when vendors set up their stalls with fresh blooms. Watch as skilled artisans create intricate garlands for temple offerings and weddings. The market offers excellent photography opportunities and a glimpse into local life. Visit early morning (between 5-7 AM) for the best experience when the market is at its busiest.

Kumartuli Potters’ Quarter

Witness traditional craftsmanship at Kumartuli, the potters’ quarter where artisans create clay idols of Hindu deities, particularly for Durga Puja celebrations. Wander through the narrow lanes and watch skilled craftsmen transform simple clay from the Hooghly River into elaborate sculptures. The process is fascinating, from the initial bamboo frames to the detailed painting and decoration. This authentic cultural experience offers unique insights into Bengali artistic traditions and excellent photography opportunities.

Indian Museum

Founded in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest and largest museum in India. Its vast collection spans archaeology, anthropology, zoology, and art, housed in a grand colonial building. Highlights include Egyptian mummies, Buddhist Gandhara art, meteorite fragments, and fossil skeletons of prehistoric animals. The museum provides a comprehensive overview of India’s rich cultural and natural heritage. Allow at least 2-3 hours to explore the major galleries.

South Park Street Cemetery

Step back in time at this atmospheric colonial-era cemetery established in 1767. The South Park Street Cemetery contains the graves of numerous European settlers who lived and died in Kolkata during the early days of the British East India Company. The ornate tombs and mausoleums, now covered with moss and surrounded by lush vegetation, create a hauntingly beautiful setting. Look for the graves of notable figures like Henry Louis Vivian Derozio and Sir William Jones. The cemetery offers a peaceful retreat from the city’s hustle and bustle.

Mother House

Pay homage to Mother Teresa at Mother House, the headquarters of the Missionaries of Charity and the place where she lived, worked, and is now laid to rest. The simple room where she spent her life and the small museum displaying her few possessions offer a moving glimpse into her humble existence dedicated to serving the poor. Visitors can also see her tomb and attend mass in the chapel. The atmosphere is one of quiet reverence, reflecting Mother Teresa’s life of simplicity and service.

Cultural Experiences in Kolkata

Kolkata’s identity as India’s cultural capital is evident in its rich artistic heritage, intellectual traditions, and vibrant performing arts scene. Immerse yourself in these cultural experiences to truly understand the soul of the City of Joy.

Attend a Performance at Rabindra Sadan

Experience Bengal’s rich performing arts tradition at Rabindra Sadan, Kolkata’s premier cultural center. Named after Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, this venue hosts classical music concerts, dance performances, theater productions, and film screenings throughout the year. Check the schedule during your visit to catch a traditional Bengali theater performance or a classical dance recital that showcases the region’s artistic heritage.

Take a Heritage Walk

Explore Kolkata’s colonial past and architectural splendor through a guided heritage walk. The Dalhousie Square (now BBD Bagh) area features numerous colonial-era buildings like the Writers’ Building, General Post Office, and St. John’s Church. North Kolkata’s walks reveal old Bengali mansions (rajbaris) with their unique architecture. Several organizations offer specialized themed walks focusing on literature, food, or photography. These walks provide deeper insights into the city’s layered history and cultural significance.

Visit Academy of Fine Arts

Art enthusiasts should not miss the Academy of Fine Arts, one of Kolkata’s premier art galleries. The institution regularly hosts exhibitions featuring works by established and emerging artists from Bengal and beyond. The permanent collection includes paintings by renowned Bengali masters like Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. The academy also houses a theater for performing arts and hosts the annual Kolkata Film Festival.

Experience Durga Puja Festival

If your visit coincides with Durga Puja (usually in September-October), you’re in for a spectacular cultural treat. This five-day festival transforms Kolkata into an open-air art gallery with hundreds of elaborate pandals (temporary structures) housing beautiful idols of Goddess Durga. Each pandal is uniquely designed, often reflecting contemporary themes or replicating famous architectural styles. Join the locals in “pandal-hopping” to admire these artistic creations, enjoy cultural performances, and savor festival foods. The energy and creativity on display during this time are unmatched.

Explore Jorasanko Thakur Bari

Visit the ancestral home of Rabindranath Tagore, now converted into Rabindra Bharati Museum. This stately mansion in North Kolkata offers insights into the life of the Nobel laureate poet, his family, and their significant contributions to Bengali culture and the Indian renaissance. The museum displays Tagore’s personal belongings, manuscripts, paintings, and photographs. The house itself is an excellent example of traditional Bengali architecture with its courtyards and ornate details.

Attend a Cricket Match at Eden Gardens

Experience the passion of Indian cricket fans at Eden Gardens, one of the world’s largest cricket stadiums. If a match is scheduled during your visit, don’t miss the opportunity to join thousands of enthusiastic fans cheering for their teams. The electric atmosphere during an India match or an IPL (Indian Premier League) game featuring the Kolkata Knight Riders is an unforgettable cultural experience that reveals the city’s deep love for cricket.

Local Cuisine and Dining in Kolkata

Kolkata’s culinary scene is a delightful blend of Bengali traditions, Mughal influences, British colonial heritage, and Chinese adaptations. The city takes immense pride in its food culture, offering everything from street food delicacies to refined dining experiences. Here’s your guide to savoring the flavors of the City of Joy.

Must-Try Bengali Dishes

Bengali cuisine is known for its subtle flavors, emphasis on fish, and the perfect balance of sweet and spicy elements. Here are some traditional dishes you shouldn’t miss:

• Macher Jhol: A light fish curry typically made with rohu or catla fish, flavored with turmeric, cumin, and green chilies.
• Kosha Mangsho: Slow-cooked mutton in a rich, spicy gravy, often enjoyed with luchi (deep-fried bread) or rice.
• Shorshe Ilish: Hilsa fish cooked in a mustard seed paste, a quintessential Bengali delicacy.
• Chingri Malai Curry: Prawns cooked in a creamy coconut gravy, a celebration dish in Bengali households.
• Aloo Posto: A simple yet flavorful dish of potatoes cooked with poppy seed paste.
• Shukto: A bitter-sweet vegetable medley that typically starts a Bengali meal.
• Mishti Doi: Sweet yogurt, a beloved Bengali dessert with a caramelized flavor.
• Rasgulla: Soft, spongy cottage cheese balls soaked in sugar syrup, a signature Bengali sweet.

Iconic Street Food

Kolkata’s street food scene is legendary, offering flavorful snacks at incredibly affordable prices. Here are some street food experiences you must try:

• Kathi Rolls: Originating from Kolkata’s Nizam’s Restaurant, these flavorful wraps contain spiced kebab meat, eggs, and vegetables rolled in paratha bread.
• Phuchka: The Bengali version of pani puri – crispy hollow shells filled with spiced potato mix and tangy tamarind water.
• Jhal Muri: A spicy puffed rice snack mixed with mustard oil, chopped vegetables, spices, and a dash of lime.
• Ghugni: Yellow peas curry topped with chopped onions, chilies, and a sprinkle of spices.
• Telebhaja: Assorted vegetable fritters, perfect for a rainy evening with a cup of tea.

Famous Eateries and Restaurants

From historic establishments to modern dining venues, Kolkata offers diverse culinary experiences:

Bengali Sweets

No visit to Kolkata is complete without indulging in Bengali sweets (mishti). The city is famous for its sweet shops (mishti dokaan) offering a variety of milk and cheese-based confections:

• Sandesh: Made from paneer (cottage cheese) and sugar, available in various flavors and shapes.
• Rosogolla: Spongy cheese balls soaked in sugar syrup, Kolkata’s signature sweet.
• Mishti Doi: Sweet yogurt with a caramelized flavor, typically served in earthen pots.
• Langcha: Cylindrical deep-fried sweet soaked in sugar syrup.
• Pantua: Similar to gulab jamun but with a distinct Bengali touch.

Visit renowned sweet shops like K.C. Das (inventors of the modern rosogolla), Balaram Mullick & Radharaman Mullick, or Nakur Nandy for an authentic sweet experience.

Chinese Breakfast in Tiretti Bazaar

For a unique culinary experience, visit Tiretti Bazaar in the early morning (between 5:30-7:30 AM) to sample authentic Chinese breakfast prepared by Kolkata’s Chinese community. Enjoy steamed buns, dumplings, rice balls, and soup at makeshift stalls that disappear by mid-morning. This experience highlights Kolkata’s multicultural heritage and the influence of its once-thriving Chinese community.

Day Trips from Kolkata

While Kolkata offers plenty to explore, the surrounding regions of West Bengal are equally fascinating. These day trips provide a refreshing contrast to the urban experience and showcase the diverse cultural and natural heritage of the state.

Sundarbans National Park

Explore the world’s largest mangrove forest and UNESCO World Heritage Site, home to the famous Royal Bengal Tiger. Located about 110 km from Kolkata, the Sundarbans offers a unique ecosystem where land meets sea. Take a boat safari through the intricate network of waterways to spot wildlife including tigers, crocodiles, spotted deer, and numerous bird species. While a day trip is possible, an overnight stay is recommended for a more comprehensive experience. Several tour operators offer packages from Kolkata with transportation, boat rides, and meals included.

Shantiniketan

Visit the abode of peace founded by Rabindranath Tagore, about 160 km from Kolkata. This university town is home to Visva-Bharati University, established by Tagore as an open-air school that integrates arts, humanities, and rural reconstruction. Explore the campus with its beautiful murals, sculptures, and architecture that reflect Tagore’s vision of education in harmony with nature. The Uttarayan complex houses Tagore’s residences and personal effects. If possible, visit during the colorful festivals of Poush Mela (December) or Basanta Utsav (spring) when the town comes alive with cultural performances, handicraft fairs, and traditional celebrations.

Bishnupur

Discover the terracotta temple town of Bishnupur, located about 140 km from Kolkata. Famous for its distinctive terracotta temples built by the Malla kings between the 17th and 18th centuries, Bishnupur offers a fascinating glimpse into Bengal’s architectural and artistic heritage. The temples feature intricate carvings depicting scenes from Hindu epics, floral motifs, and social life of the period. Notable temples include Rasmancha, Jor Bangla, and Shyam Rai. The town is also known for its traditional crafts like Baluchari silk sarees, terracotta sculptures, and the unique Bankura horse.

Mayapur

Experience spiritual tranquility at Mayapur, the worldwide headquarters of the ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) movement, located about 130 km from Kolkata. The massive ISKCON temple complex includes the Chandrodaya Mandir, which when completed will be one of the tallest religious structures in the world. Visitors can participate in kirtans (devotional singing), attend aarti ceremonies, and explore the peaceful campus with its gardens and guesthouses. The nearby birthplace of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, a 15th-century saint revered in Bengali Vaishnavism, is also worth visiting.

Digha

Escape to Digha, West Bengal’s most popular seaside resort town, located about 185 km from Kolkata. With its long, flat beach and gentle waves, Digha offers a relaxing coastal retreat. Enjoy sunrise or sunset walks along the beach, sample fresh seafood at local restaurants, and visit nearby attractions like Marine Aquarium and Research Centre, Amarabati Park, and the old Digha temple. While the beach gets crowded on weekends and holidays, weekdays offer a more peaceful experience. The journey takes about 4-5 hours by car, making it a long but doable day trip.

Practical Tips for Visiting Kolkata

Make the most of your Kolkata experience with these essential tips covering everything from safety and etiquette to money matters and communication.

Safety and Security

Kolkata is generally considered one of the safer major cities in India, with friendly locals and relatively low crime rates. However, it’s always wise to take standard precautions:

• Keep your belongings secure, especially in crowded areas like markets and public transportation.
• Use registered taxis or app-based services like Uber and Ola, particularly at night.
• Women travelers should dress modestly, especially when visiting religious sites.
• Be cautious of scams targeting tourists, such as overcharging for goods or services.
• Keep digital copies of important documents and emergency contact numbers.

Local Etiquette

Understanding and respecting local customs will enhance your experience and interactions:

• Remove shoes before entering temples, homes, and some traditional establishments.
• Dress modestly when visiting religious sites – cover shoulders and knees.
• Ask permission before photographing people, especially at religious ceremonies.
• Use your right hand for eating (if dining traditionally without utensils) and for giving or receiving items.
• A slight bow with hands pressed together (namaste) is a respectful greeting.
• Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon.

Money Matters

Managing your finances effectively will help you navigate the city with ease:

• The Indian Rupee (₹) is the local currency. ATMs are widely available in Kolkata.
• Carry some cash for small purchases, street food, and transportation.
• Credit cards are accepted at hotels, restaurants, and larger stores, but not at local markets or small establishments.
• Notify your bank of your travel plans to avoid card blocks.
• Bargaining is expected in markets, but not in fixed-price shops or restaurants.
• Tipping (10-15%) is appreciated but not mandatory in restaurants. Round up the fare for taxi drivers.

Health and Hygiene

Stay healthy during your visit with these precautions:

• Drink only bottled or filtered water and avoid ice in drinks unless at reputable establishments.
• Be cautious with street food – choose busy stalls with high turnover and freshly cooked items.
• Carry hand sanitizer and use it regularly, especially before eating.
• Pack basic medications, sunscreen, and insect repellent.
• Consider travel insurance that covers medical emergencies.
• In case of medical needs, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital and AMRI Hospitals offer good services for tourists.

Communication

Navigate language barriers with these communication tips:

• Bengali is the primary language, but English is widely understood in tourist areas, hotels, and restaurants.
• Learning a few basic Bengali phrases can enhance your experience and delight locals.
• Consider downloading offline maps and translation apps before your trip.
• Local SIM cards are affordable and provide good connectivity – bring your passport for registration.
• Wi-Fi is available in most hotels and many cafes, though speed may vary.

Weather Preparedness

Pack appropriately for Kolkata’s climate:

• Lightweight, breathable clothing is suitable year-round, with layers for air-conditioned spaces.
• During winter (December-February), light sweaters or jackets for evenings.
• Monsoon season (June-September) necessitates rain gear, waterproof footwear, and quick-dry clothing.
• Sun protection (hat, sunglasses, sunscreen) is essential, especially in summer.
• Comfortable walking shoes are a must for exploring the city.

Conclusion

Kolkata captivates visitors with its unique blend of colonial grandeur, artistic heritage, spiritual depth, and culinary delights. From the majestic Victoria Memorial to the bustling ghats along the Hooghly River, from intellectual discussions at College Street cafes to the vibrant energy of Durga Puja celebrations, the City of Joy offers experiences that engage all your senses and leave lasting impressions.

What makes Kolkata truly special is not just its landmarks and attractions, but the warmth and intellectual spirit of its people. The city embraces visitors with open arms, inviting them to slow down, engage in meaningful conversations, appreciate art and literature, and savor the simple pleasures of life – be it a cup of chai at a roadside stall or a leisurely ferry ride at sunset.

As you plan your journey to this fascinating city, remember that Kolkata rewards those who approach it with curiosity, patience, and an open heart. Whether you’re drawn by its colonial history, cultural richness, spiritual heritage, or simply the desire to experience a different facet of India, Kolkata promises a journey that will enrich your understanding of this diverse country and perhaps even change your perspective on life itself.

Ready to experience the magic of the City of Joy? Start planning your Kolkata adventure today and prepare to be charmed by this unique gem in India’s cultural crown.